Shlomo LOTAN

Original title: Querimonia desolacionis terre sancte – A perda de Acre e da Terra Santa em 1291 como um elemento emocional para a tradição da Ordem Teutônica

Published in Emotions in the Ancient and Medieval Mediterranean World

Keywords: Crusades, Fall of Acre 1291, Holy Land, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Teutonic Order.

The fall of Acre to the Muslim forces in 1291 was one of the devastated events in the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. The fall of main Crusader city in fact the capitol of the Latin Kingdom, was the last military episode in long history of the Crusader resistance in the Holy Land. The fall of Acre had a decisive influence on the Christian population, the Church and the nobility throughout Europe. It created also a forceful impact on the Military Orders, affecting their capability and strength. This article will focus on one of the main Military Orders in the Holy Land - the Teutonic Order, and on the manner in which the fall of the Holy Land had influenced the empowering of its tradition. Major chronicles of the Teutonic Order, written in the first half of the fourteenth century by its brethren Peter von Dusburg and Nicolaus von Jeroschin show it clearly. This critical event in which the Teutonic Knights also participated is treated as a central event. Despite the time that elapsed from the fall of the Latin Kingdom and the long distance from the Teutonic fighting in the Baltic region, this crucial event in the Holy Land had become a symbol destined as a lament (Klage in German). This lament represented an emotional and sense of pain caused by the great loss the suffering associated with the fall of the Holy Land. This article will further accentuate the assertion that even among the members of the Teutonic Order within the borders of Christianity in the Baltic region, well separated from Christian activity in the Mediterranean basin, the fall of the Holy Land had been fundamental. It had dominated the emotional state in the Teutonic order, affecting its evolving traditions. In had become the means throughwhich the Teutonic Order had expressed solidarity with the pain caused by the loss of the Holy Land, the place where their traditions began and was further shaped their medieval heritage.

Gabriel ENSENYAT PUJOL

Original title: La difícil proposta lul·liana per a la conversió dels musulmans

Published in

Keywords: Dialogue, Force, Muslims, Ramon Llull, conversion.

Although Ramon Llull has a knowledge of Islam, different factors impossibilities the success of the mission. Some factors were interiors of Christianity and another were different causes: the difficulty of the subject he chose, the psychological restraints, the opposition of Islamic public power, the scarce predisposition to dialogue of Muslim people and, finally, the impossibility to impose a religion without using force.

Myrna HERZOG

Published in Music in Middle Ages and Early Modernity

Keywords: 17th century, 18th century, Bonnet, Bourdelot, France, Gôuts Réunis, Historiography, History of Music.

This is an historiographical examination of the first History of Music published in France in 1715, written during a long span of time by three different authors. Histoire de la Musique et de ses effets depuis son origine jusqu’a present portrays the ideological war taking place in France in the late 17th and early 18th-century between defenders of the French and the Italian styles and proposes an union of the two – what would be later called Les Goûts Réunis (the united tastes) – as an esthetic solution to the conflict.

Álvaro Alfredo BRAGANÇA JÚNIOR, Christiane de RESENDE MARQUES

Original title: Reflexiones de una mujer antes de Hildegarda – aspectos del martirio cristiano en la obra de Rosvita von Gandersheim

Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

Keywords: Christian martyrdom, Medieval Culture, Medieval Literature, Roswhita von Gandersheim, The Holy Roman Empire.

Roswhita von Gandersheim (tenth century) is considered, the magistra bingensis earlier, the first female voice in literature in German-speaking lands. During its existence, the canonisa wrote epic texts, legends and six theatrical plays, to be represented within the convents, and perhaps also an external audiences. Her classical theater latin culture, specifically of Terence, it was quite helpful in their theatrical texts, in which the artistic knowledge was united their purpose of evangelization. Among the various themes that we noted in Roswhita theatrical plays, calls our attention to the presentation of the concept of martyrdom. Leaving, therefore, a discussion about the ecllesiastical meaning of the word, will get a brief exemplification in Gandersheim theatrical texts, with the intention of showing only with religious language, but mainly with the linguistic record of their texts, an indisputable tool to solidify the Christian virtues in the world in which he lived.