Patrícia DEPS

Original title: Correspondência: Lepra e Paleopatologia – intercâmbio de experiências

Published in

Ana Aparecida Arguelho de SOUZA

Original title: Literatura e História na Educação Medieval

Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World

Keywords: History, Languages, Literature, Society, education.

The current article presents an analysis of medieval literature, as languages that express a period in the history and thus reveal real life and education in a society characterized by the Catholic church seal. Through all forms and modalities of language that we learnt the long development of humanity in the history construction and in this case, we will deal with texts of medieval literature from several extracts of feudal society as expressions of pedagogical possibilities of human development in such a society.

Sophia MENACHE

Original title: O amor de Deus ou o ódio ao seu inimigo? As vozes emocionais das Cruzadas

Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades

Keywords: Crusades, Emotions, Moslems, Papacy.

The present paper attempts to investigate three cornerstones of the history of the early crusades from a wider range of emotions while focusing on [1] the call to the crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem, [2] the fall of Edessa and, subsequently, the Second Crusade and its outcomes, and [3] the Christian defeat at the Horns of Hattin. Less than a century before the crusades, different groups in Christian society had been the target of the same pejorative emotions that were later used to denounce and reproach the Moslems. These terms should therefore be seen and analyzed, not to produce a superficial moral reading of the vilification of the Moslems, but as an essential part of the thesaurus in which Christian society analyzed itself. In fact, the use of the same Augustinian emotional index transforms negative attitudes toward the Moslems into an act of inverted inclusion of the Moslems within the Christian sphere; in other words, using illusionary inclusion in order to exclude. This inverted inclusion means that within its inner discourse, Christian society defeated the Moslems symbolically, independently of the real outcome on the battlefield. The transformation of the crusaders from esterners into Easterners in Fulcher’s eschatology (note 45) is a conscious practice of erasing the “other” by expropriating its identity. This was not, however, an act of including the Easterner into the crusaders’ weltanschauung, but a symbolic denial that further served to exclude the Easterners altogether.

Lidia Raquel MIRANDA

Original title: Sentido y alcances de la descripción del Paraíso en la Introducción de los Milagros de Nuestra Señora de Gonzalo de Berceo

Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages

Keywords: Allegory, Berceo, Description, Milagros de Nuestra Señora, Paradise.

The Introduction of Los Milagros de Nuestra Señora by Gonzalo de Berceo shows a locus amoenus, where the pilgrim rests, that identify with paradise (c. 14 a y b). The source in that lawn (c. 3) divides in four branches (c. 21) that evoke the rivers of paradise, and the trees that produce healthful and beautiful fruits (c. 4) represent the abundance and happiness preceding the original sin. In this context, Virgin Mary image is the redemption matrix that will repair the fault committed by Adam and Eve because of her mediation between Christ and men. The stanzas’ text by Gonzalo de Berceo we have analyzed focus in theological history of humanity of latest days, the enunciator present, which is understood starting from the originating times. So, the lawn description connotes the lost paradise and paradisiacal state which recovery is a certain possibility to men who believe and devote Virgin Mary.