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Presentation: VI Philosophy's Week (ISF) - Time and Eternity in the Middle Ages
Pe. Dilonei Pedro MÜLLER
Original title: Apresentação: VI Semana de Filosofia (ISF) - Tempo e Eternidade na Idade Média
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
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Uranus, Cronus and Zeus: Greek mythology and its differents conceptions about time
Ana Teresa M. GONÇALVES and Ivan VIEIRA Neto
Original title: Uranos, Cronos e Zeus: a mitologia grega e suas distintas percepções do tempo
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: History, Sacred and Profane, Time.
Reality of Time is an abstract and intuitive concept. Temporality can be experienced and understood, but cannot be felt. Even the experience of Time becomes ambiguous if we think in natural time (as eternal and unchanging) and human time (as changeable and finite) as two distinct instances of a common reality. Depending on this perception, Time is simultaneously, as defined by Mircea Eliade, “sacred” and “profane”: eternal and recoverable, historical and irreducible. In this article, we intend to examine briefly the figures of Uranus, Cronus and Zeus as symbolic representatives of these two different conceptions of Time in the ancient Hellenic imagination.
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Conception and immortality of the soul in Plato
Evandro PEGORARO and Juliano de SOUZA
Original title: Concepção e imortalidade da alma em Platão
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Dualism, Immortality of the soul, Phaedo, Plato, Psyche.
Plato is one of the most important thinkers for the Philosophy, with theories that elapsed centuries and they influenced countless thought currents. Her conception dualist of the reality and of the man it went source to several researches and it still generates discussions in the philosophical debates of the present time. The present article has the intention of presenting the arguments of the book Phaedo regarding the immortality of the soul. For so much, there will be an exhibition of the main points that Plato presents in your cosmological conception and of psyche, as well as the myths on the origin and destiny of the souls after the death, in order to base the understanding of the arguments in favor of the immortality.
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The Aristotelian Ethics
Gustavo Ellwanger CALOVI1 and Gustavo Luis MARMENTINI
Original title: A Ética Aristotélica
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Ethics, Happiness, Justice, Middle ground, Virtue.
The goal of this article is to demonstrate that the study of Aristotelian ethics is fundamental for the reflection of western ethics. The Aristotelian ethics is reasoned on judgment, founded on the moral judgments of good and virtuous man. In this sense his ethics is articulate from a central question: What is the supreme good of the man and, what’s the end’s direction of everything? With this, it becomes clean that the supreme good of the man is happiness, that every man should find it in all of his actions, being the happiness an activity of his soul like the reason and the virtue. To achieve the complete happiness inside the society, the justice between the individuals must be present. And so there will not be inequalities and the middle ground will be present between the parts, including what concerns the relationships.
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The free will and the evil in Saint Augustine
Ricardo J. BELLEI and Délcio Marques BUZINARO
Original title: O livre-arbítrio e o mal em Santo Agostinho
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Free will, Moral evil, Sin, Supreme Good.
Saint Augustine (354-340). One of the greatest exponents of the Christian philosophy is inserted in a reality where the Christianity has just become his official doctrine of the Roman Empire and still hasn’t got solid basis of his doctrines. A time of arising heresies. In some cases, the own saint himself had important role in the combat such as the Manichaeism and the pelagianismo. Against the Manichaeism which confirmed that the good (spirit) and the evil (something solid) were enemy eternal forces, that were in struggle – Augustine develops his system to solve the evil problem, fully unlinking Good, (the supreme God and creator of everything) from such reality and nothing that the blame of the evil presence in the world, thus, the moral evil or the sin. The physical evil would be, however, an unfolding of the sin.
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Saint Augustine: Faith, Hope and Charity
Emerson DETONI
Original title: Santo Agostinho: Fé, Esperança e Caridade
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Faith, God, Saint Augustine, Virtue.
Before the God’s revelation, that proposes his salvation project, the human being is invited to answer through faith, hope and charity. Believing, waiting and loving the man place himself into the dynamic of the existence towards to God. More than a set of contents, it is a life path, a disposition, a capability and availability of complying every day “acts of faith”, to place oneself in the God’s Hands with full confidence, hoping from Him the fullness of property and the eternal life. Saint Augustine has deepened the interiority of the faith decision, his connection with the hope and the charity. Everything with a strong suffering towards Christ.
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In perfect future. The End of Time in Augustine, the apocalyptic and Gnostic
Luis Felipe JIMÉNEZ JIMÉNEZ
Original title: En futuro perfecto. El fin del tiempo en Agustín, los apocalípticos y los gnósticos
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Apocalypse, Christianity, Culture, Gnosticism, Philosophy of History, Time.
Augustine's reflection on time, from the level of individual salvation and the transcendence of the heavenly city located from the beginning on Earth, able to characterize or shape of medieval culture, but it is also clear that the expectations generated apocalyptic positions – better known as millenarian sects – and the Gnostics did not fail to weigh heavily in the collective imagination that went through the end of the Roman Empire and the so-called Middle Ages. So the contrast between conceived notions about the future in these three directions, it allows you to understand the full extent the meaning and significance of the choice of linear and finite time, hidden under mythical notions as Revelation, Last Judgment, Kingdom of God, eternal salvation, is at the bottom of the beliefs that have been – and somehow still blowing – life to Western culture.
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Time and Eternity in Saint Augustine
Marcos Roberto Nunes COSTA
Original title: Tempo e Eternidade em Santo Agostinho
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Eternity, Manichaeism, Neoplatonism, Saint Augustine, Time.
Every Augustinian disputation regarding to time - eternity relation arises from the need of combating the Manicheans and, by indirection, all those ones that affirmed, asserted world eternity, that denied ex nihilo Jewish - Christian Creation principle. Saint Augustine, departing from Genesis Scriptural Book in order to present a revelational founding and neoplatonic philosophy, in order to impart philosophic maintenance to the above - mentioned thesis, has ended up by moving away from not only Manichaeism, but from Neo-Platonism itself which has worked as philosophical foundation for contesting those ones.
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The end of time (or times) as end of the History. A discussion about the mutations of the conception and perception of the Time between the last old period and the coming of the Christianity
Ronaldo AMARAL
Original title: O fim do(s) tempo(s) como o fim da História. Uma discussão sobre as mutações da concepção e percepção do Tempo entre o último período antigo e o advento do Cristianismo
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: History, Mutations, Perception, Time, Transition.
The mutations/continuities that marked the transition of the old thought for the Christian were multiple and deep, and so much in the ambit of the ideas as of the sensibilities. And here the time. Perhaps for this time conception and perception, resulted of that couple mutations/continuities, giving emphasis here verified them mutations, have been the most significant contribution for the constitution of a new worldview in the breast of the Christian society, since it would impose to the followers no less than the man's own place in the world and of the world in the man, and of both in the ambit of God.
