Article
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The Latin Middle Ages and Nature: the image of the garden in the Roman de la Rose
Adriana MARTÍNEZ
Original title: El Medievo latino y la Naturaleza: la imagen del jardín en el Roman de la Rose
Published in The Medieval Aesthetics
Keywords: Garden, Middle Ages, Roman de la Rose.
The image of the garden, synecdoche of nature, which traverses the Latin middle ages is base don judeo-christian culture that makes the concept of Paradise. However, in the 12 th century a renewal is produced in thinking nature not only as a reality outside, inteligible, and in the following century, a text like the Roman de la Rose installed a concept of nature where the garden becomes privilegeg stage of love, a new Paradise.
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Angelus or The touch of the Virgin: the Music in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (13th century) by King Alfonso X
Bárbara Dantas
Original title: Angelus ou O toque da Virgem: a Música nas Cantigas de Santa Maria (séc. XIII) do rei Afonso X
Published in Music in Middle Ages and Early Modernity
Keywords: Alfonso X, Architecture, Art, Cantigas de Santa María, Middle Ages, Music, Poetry.
Harmonious as a song, the Galician-Portuguese poetry, systematized by the zéjel metric, was the basis of the poetry of Cantigas de Santa Maria, a compilation that contains reports of miracles and praises to the Virgin performed in the second half of the 13th century at the request of the castilian king Alfonso X (1221-1284), creator, sponsor and supervisor of the work. In Cantigas, reality is overcome by imagination without limits and the relation of poetry with two other artistic forms (Music and image) makes it literary support in which the themes of the songs to the Virgin were formed. Music and image share with the poetry a sensitivity capable of expressing in different ways certain reports of miracles or praise. For this article, I present to you the Cantiga 276 of the Cantigas de Santa Maria. From iconographic and architectural analyzes, I realized the association between church bells, the architecture of the sanctuary towers where they are housed and the melody of the Angelus (The Virgin's Touch).
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The Imaginary Tradition of the Divine Voice in The Quest for the Holy Grail: Salvation and Revelation
Alessandra Fabrícia Conde da SILVA; Pedro Carlos Louzada FONSECA
Original title: A tradição imaginária da voz divina em A Demanda do Santo Graal: salvação e revelação
Published in Society and Culture in Portugal
Keywords: Divine Voice, Fisher King, Medieval Literature, Sister of Percival, The Quest for the Holy Grail.
The Divine Voice or voice without body appears in many episodes of The Quest for the Holy Grail, communicating with several characters in different ways. It represents one of the aspects of the medieval imaginary tradition present in the work. This article presents an overview of the manifestations of the Santa Voz, when in contact with several characters, especially with the sister maiden of Perceval and the Fisher King. And it shows what is special about this manifestation revealed to these characters. In the discussion of the theme the article argues on a possible rescue of the feminine figure within the scope of the medieval masculinist culture. For the accomplishment of this study, critical support was sought in Paul Zumthor, Gilbert Durand, Howard Bloch, Mario Pilosu, among other authors.
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The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to 449AD the Robber Synod
Eirini ARTEMI
Published in Society and Culture in Portugal
Keywords: Council of Ephesus, Cyril of Alexandria, Diocletian, Edict of Thessalonica, Ephesus, Robber Synod, Temple of Artemis.
During the reign of Diocletian (284-305AD), Ephesus was reorganized on centralized and authoritarian lines down to the provincial level. A big part of the city was rebuilt by Constantine I. In 401AD after the Edict of Thessalonica from Emperor Theodosius I, the ruins of temple of Artemis was destroyed. The most important role of the city took place in 431AD. There, the Council of Ephesus was assembled by the Emperor Theodosius the younger to settle the contentions which had been raised in the Church by the heretical teaching of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople. Finally, in 449AD another council took place the Robber Synod, which was condemned by the Fourth Ecumenical Council in Chalcedon in 451.
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The Organization of the Church in the Iberian Peninsula: the Diocese of Coimbra (11th-12th Centuries)
Mário Jorge da Motta BASTOS
Original title: A estruturação da Igreja na Península Ibérica: a Diocese de Coimbra (sécs. XI-XII)
Published in Society and Culture in Portugal
Keywords: Christianism, Church History, Diocese of Coimbra, Iberian Peninsula.
Is there an object of study concerning the medieval civilization more wide, complex, diverse and controversial than that we use to call Church? Without losing the perspective of the institution in its amplitude, we intend to address, in this article, the structuring process of the portucalense Church in the context of the wars of conquest and the progressive autonomation of the geopolitical space of the formation of the kingdom of Portugal, paying attention to the process of restoration of the dioceses liberated from the Islamic domain and to the trajectory of the diocese of Coimbra in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
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From bestiaries to the Iconology of Cesare Ripa: the construction of political and religious representations at the dawn of the Modern Age
Maria Leonor García da CRUZ
Original title: Dos bestiários à Iconologia de César Ripa: a construção de representações políticas e religiosas nos alvores da Época Moderna
Published in Ramon Llull. Seventh centenary
Keywords: Bestiary, Fox, Iconology, Machiavelli, Reform, Wolf.
Wolves and foxes, traditionally chosen as representatives of the threat to the sheep that were led by the Pope, Pastor of souls, were animals used both positively and negatively in religious and profane literature, in bestiaries, emblem books and in the “Iconology” of Cesare Ripa in the late 16th century. Putting special emphasis on the latter and comparing political thought and 16th-entury movements of spirituality, I shall attempt to explain meanings in the textual and pictorial representations of the time, in an approach that is part of the “Imagery Studies” of Lisbon University’s History Centre.
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The idiom of the Jewish apostasy in seventeenth-century Holland: the Bible of Ferrara and the revival of Sephardic Culture
Ronaldo VAINFAS
Original title: O idioma da apostasia judaica na Holanda do século XVII: a Bíblia de Ferrara e a reinvenção da cultura sefardita
Published in Medieval and Early Modern Iberian Peninsula Cultural History
Keywords: Bible of Ferrara, Inquisition, New Jews, Sephardi.
This article presents a study on the conversion of the Portuguese New Christians to Judaism in Amsterdam as well as in Recife under the Dutch rule, during the first half of the seventeenth century. New Christians, which, due to their ambivalent identity amidst the Sephardic Judaism and Catholicism, were defined by the historian Yosef Kaplan as New Jews. Based on processes of the Inquisition of Lisbon against Portuguese Jews caught in Pernambuco´s war, the author analyzes the jewish rites reported by the prisoners, in particular the use of the Castilian language, or its variant, the ladino, in the synagogal daily prayers. The article sustains that this doctrinal method, conceived in the early seventeenth century by the Portuguese Jewry in Amsterdam, was an adaptation of the first translation of the Old Testament into Spanish – the Bible of Ferrara. Composed in the 1550s by the Portuguese Daniel Pinel and by the Spanish Jeronimo Vargas, both Sephardic exiles, in Italy, the ferraresca bible proves the decisive role of the traditional Sephardic culture, restored in the Mediterranean Diaspora – as the case of Ferrara shows – for the Iberian Judaism reconstruction in the Netherlands.
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The manual worker cultures: didactic teatrises dedicate to dignify the mechanical tradesThe manual worker cultures: didactic teatrises dedicate to dignify the mechanical trades
Josué VILLA PRIETO
Original title: La cultura de los menestrales: tratados didácticos medievales dedicados a la dignificación de los oficios mecânicos
Published in Medieval and Early Modern Iberian Peninsula Cultural History
Keywords: Francesc Eiximenis, Medieval teatrises, Ramón Llull, Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo, Urban trades.
Facing Artes Liberales practiced by intellectuals, experts in Trivium and Quadrivium or doctors in Law or Teology, Artes Mechanicae are exercised by workers through manual practice. In Classical Antiquity they are considered Artes Vulgares, an expression which reflects an underestimation in relation to Artes Liberales. During the Middle Ages, this term is replaced with Artes Mechanicae by philosophers and writers, in order to claim their utility and value in medieval society. This study proposes an interpretative synthesis about speeches dedicated to the classification and dignification the Artes Mechanicae in Spanish teatrises in the Late Medieval period, treatises which are dedicated to issue knowledge and represent the ideal society (Ramón Llull, don Juan Manuel, Francesc Eiximenis, Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo) as well in French and Italian authors very known in Iberian Peninsula (Hugh of Saint Victor, Vincent de Beauvais, Ralph of Longchamp, Giles of Rome).
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Albert the Great and the treatise De Prudentia
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: Alberto Magno e o tratado De Prudentia
Published in Nicholas of Cusa in Dialogue
Keywords: Albert the Great, Auriga, Prudence, Virtues.
Last part of the Summa creaturis (or Summa Parisiensis), written by the Doctor Universalis, the moral treatise De bono considers the good by the point of view moral and organizes the matter into five treaties. The fourth one is the De Prudentia, briefly presented in this article, that sticks his roots in the classical tradition, in the patristic and scholastic.
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The Love as the greatest virtue in the Sermons of Nicholas of Cusa
Maria Simone Marinho NOGUEIRA
Original title: O Amor como a maior das virtudes nos Sermões de Nicolau de Cusa
Published in Nicholas of Cusa in Dialogue
Keywords: Love, Nicholas of Cusa, Sermons, Virtue.
Nicholas of Cusa approached the theme of love throughout his philosophical-theological work. A part of this work, however, deserves our special attention when we analyze this theme. We refer to the Sermons: in various moments of his life the German Thinker has prepared and preached these writings. We propose, from them, a reflection on the love as the greatest of virtues.
