Article

1. Ascensio in Deum per vestigia et in vestigiis. The St. Bonaventure’s immanent Aesthetics and its possible reflections in the iconography of the Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi

   José María SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ

   Original title: Ascensio in Deum per vestigia et in vestigiis. La Estética inmanente de San Buenaventura y sus posibles reflejos en la iconografía de la Basílica de San Francisco en Asís

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Aesthetics, Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi, Created world, God, Iconography, Medieval Philosophy, St. Bonaventure, Vestige.

   In his Itinerarium mentis in Deum (1259), St. Bonaventure (1221-1274) discusses the six degrees (with a seventh of ecstatic enjoyment) by which man can and should ascend from the created world to contemplate God. In this paper we will analyze only the first two grades of this Itinerarium, which constitute both of them what we might call the “immanent aesthetic” of St. Bonaventure. Highlighting then two of the central theses of this “immanent aesthetic”, we shall try to show the possible reflections that these theses may have had in the iconography of some frescoes in the Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi.

2. The language in the medieval scholasticism

   Ivanaldo SANTOS

   Original title: A linguagem na escolástica medieval

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Language, Medieval, Problem, Scholasticism, Thomas Aquinas.

   This article aims introducing the problem of the language in the medieval scholasticism, specifically in the work by Tomás de Aquino, thinker of greater notoriety in the scholasticism. In order to achieve this goal this article was divided in two parts: 1) The medieval scholasticism; 2) The language in the thought of Tomás de Aquino. Finally, it is confirmed that is necessary perceive that the medieval scholasticism provided relevant discussions about themes that centuries later, guided the modernity, for example, the method, the logic and the language.

3. The Scholasticism – considerations about your internal unity and diversity

   José D’Assunção BARROS

   Original title: A Escolástica – considerações sobre sua unidade e diversidade interna

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Medieval Culture, Scholasticism, University.

   The mainly purpose of this article is to discuss comparatively some historiography positions concerning to the interaction between Scholastic and the social-historical developments of the medieval period, examining this interaction on the point of view from the Cultural History. Among the questions examined, an important point is the relation between Scholastic and University, as also the correspondence between the transformations inside the Scholastic thought and the passages from the medieval period of feudal expansion (XI-XIII centuries) to the feudal crisis from the XIV and XV centuries.

4. Reasoned Discussion in Scholasticism Philosophy

   João Eduardo Pinto Basto LUPI

   Original title: O método de argumentação na Filosofia Escolástica

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Argument, Medieval Philosophy, Method, Scholasticism.

   Philosophy, as it was developed in medieval Universities, was methodological structured in a didatic way, which named Philosophy as Scholastic. This method was not created at the same time as Universities, but it has been formed along the existence of Philosophy. Practically all previous methods of research and exposition merged in Scholastic Philosophy, but a new organization joined them in a peculiar form, thus establishing Philosophy and Theology as sciences.

5. Naturalism in Averroes and its implications for the relationship between Philosophy and Religion

   Luiz ASTORGA

   Original title: El naturalismo en Averroes y sus consecuencias para la relación entre Filosofía y Religión

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Averroes, Fideism, Naturalism, Philosophy, Religion.

   The purpose of these pages is to present Averroes’ opinion concerning the possibility of supernatural events, as well as its consequences to the relationship that, according to that wise Cordobese, should exist between philosophy and religion. To this end, we will take into account certain central aspects of Averroes’ thought, especially his famous debate with Algazel (the Tahafut al Tahafut) and his Decisive Treatise (Fasl al Maqal).

6. The Historical Development of the Logica vetus

   Guilherme WYLLIE

   Original title: A evolução histórica da Logica vetus

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: History of Logic, History of Philosophy, Logica Vetus, Medieval Logic, Medieval Philosophy.

   This paper is a historical survey of the logica vetus, which is distinguished by characterizing and contextualizing the main contributions of the most significant logicians of that period.

7. Vision of Tnugdal. Harmony, Paradise and Salvation in Medieval Beyond

   Adriana ZIERER, Solange Pereira OLIVEIRA

   Original title: A Visão de Túndalo. Harmonia, Paraíso e Salvação no Além Medieval

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Christianism., Imaginary Journey, Paradise, Salvation, Vision of Tnugdal.

   Medieval Church spread various narratives of imaginary journeys which describe the environment reserved to the elected souls in post-mortem in the space of Heaven. Vision of Tnugdal, example of those narratives, from anonymous authorship, produced in the 12 th century, was translated to Portuguese in the 15th century and give us the symbolic description of Heaven in Medieval Beyond. In this text, the knight Tnugdal, guided by an angel, runs through the various the paths of Celestial Kingdom, divided in the Walls of Silver, Gold and Precious Stones, where are placed the faire souls who possess Christian virtues. To earn and enjoy the things that those spaces offered, the Catholic Church spread ideal models of behavior, since its conception, for the faithful ones achieve eternal salvation in Celestial Paradise.

8. The Funeral in the Monastery of Batalha

   Renata Cristina de Sousa NASCIMENTO

   Original title: As Exéquias Fúnebres no Mosteiro da Batalha

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Death, Imaginary, Pantheon, Rites, Symbolic Power.

   The aim of this article is to analyze the funeral rites as a power representation. In this path was elected the narratives about the royal exequies occurred at Santa Maria da Vitória’s (Batalha) Monastery in XV century. The chronics talks about the importance of the funeral’s cerimonials happened at the Monastery. The “departure” of kings also showed the great religious pomp lived in the interior of the batalinho yard to D. João II. The Royal Pantheon of the Battle has a great symbolic and political importance, specially related to Avis’ Dinasty (1385-1581).

9. The legislative panorama of the territories of the Castile’s Crown in the beginning of the reign of Alfonso X, The Wise

   Jaime Estevão dos REIS

   Original title: O panorama legislativo dos territórios da Coroa de Castela no início do reinado de Alfonso X, o Sábio

   Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

   Keywords: Alfonso X, Castile, Legislation, León, Territories.

   This article has the objective of discussing the effective legislation in the territories of the Castile’s Crown in the beginning of the reign of Alfonso X, The Wise (1252-1284). In the middle of the thirteenth century, the territories belonging to the kingdoms of Castile and León, unified in 1230, by Fernando III (1217-1252), father of Alfonso X, had their own legislation, without a unity among the several juridical codes. In the kingdom of León, as well as in the territories belonging to him, the rights originating from the visigothic Liber Iudiciorum remained. In the territories of the Castile’s kingdom, the old Castilian right was in force, the Fuero Viejo of Castilla, codified in the beginning of the thirteenth century for Alfonso VIII (1158-1214). In the Andalusia territories that were incorporated to the Castilian crown by Fernando III, the Fuero Juzgo ruled, adapted to the local reality. The main task of Alfonso XI in the beginning of his reign was the one of idealizing a project of juridical unification of the several codes on going in the territories of the Castile’s Crown.

10. RAMON LLULL. Libro de los correlativos

    Fernando ZALAMEA

    Original title: RAMON LLULL. Libro de los correlativos

    Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages

    Keywords: Filosofia medieval, Liber correlativorum innatorum, Ramon Llull.