Article
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The Scholasticism – considerations about your internal unity and diversity
José D’Assunção BARROS
Original title: A Escolástica – considerações sobre sua unidade e diversidade interna
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Medieval Culture, Scholasticism, University.
The mainly purpose of this article is to discuss comparatively some historiography positions concerning to the interaction between Scholastic and the social-historical developments of the medieval period, examining this interaction on the point of view from the Cultural History. Among the questions examined, an important point is the relation between Scholastic and University, as also the correspondence between the transformations inside the Scholastic thought and the passages from the medieval period of feudal expansion (XI-XIII centuries) to the feudal crisis from the XIV and XV centuries.
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Reasoned Discussion in Scholasticism Philosophy
João Eduardo Pinto Basto LUPI
Original title: O método de argumentação na Filosofia Escolástica
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Argument, Medieval Philosophy, Method, Scholasticism.
Philosophy, as it was developed in medieval Universities, was methodological structured in a didatic way, which named Philosophy as Scholastic. This method was not created at the same time as Universities, but it has been formed along the existence of Philosophy. Practically all previous methods of research and exposition merged in Scholastic Philosophy, but a new organization joined them in a peculiar form, thus establishing Philosophy and Theology as sciences.
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Naturalism in Averroes and its implications for the relationship between Philosophy and Religion
Luiz ASTORGA
Original title: El naturalismo en Averroes y sus consecuencias para la relación entre Filosofía y Religión
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Averroes, Fideism, Naturalism, Philosophy, Religion.
The purpose of these pages is to present Averroes’ opinion concerning the possibility of supernatural events, as well as its consequences to the relationship that, according to that wise Cordobese, should exist between philosophy and religion. To this end, we will take into account certain central aspects of Averroes’ thought, especially his famous debate with Algazel (the Tahafut al Tahafut) and his Decisive Treatise (Fasl al Maqal).
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The Historical Development of the Logica vetus
Guilherme WYLLIE
Original title: A evolução histórica da Logica vetus
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: History of Logic, History of Philosophy, Logica Vetus, Medieval Logic, Medieval Philosophy.
This paper is a historical survey of the logica vetus, which is distinguished by characterizing and contextualizing the main contributions of the most significant logicians of that period.
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Vision of Tnugdal. Harmony, Paradise and Salvation in Medieval Beyond
Adriana ZIERER, Solange Pereira OLIVEIRA
Original title: A Visão de Túndalo. Harmonia, Paraíso e Salvação no Além Medieval
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Christianism., Imaginary Journey, Paradise, Salvation, Vision of Tnugdal.
Medieval Church spread various narratives of imaginary journeys which describe the environment reserved to the elected souls in post-mortem in the space of Heaven. Vision of Tnugdal, example of those narratives, from anonymous authorship, produced in the 12 th century, was translated to Portuguese in the 15th century and give us the symbolic description of Heaven in Medieval Beyond. In this text, the knight Tnugdal, guided by an angel, runs through the various the paths of Celestial Kingdom, divided in the Walls of Silver, Gold and Precious Stones, where are placed the faire souls who possess Christian virtues. To earn and enjoy the things that those spaces offered, the Catholic Church spread ideal models of behavior, since its conception, for the faithful ones achieve eternal salvation in Celestial Paradise.
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The Funeral in the Monastery of Batalha
Renata Cristina de Sousa NASCIMENTO
Original title: As Exéquias Fúnebres no Mosteiro da Batalha
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Death, Imaginary, Pantheon, Rites, Symbolic Power.
The aim of this article is to analyze the funeral rites as a power representation. In this path was elected the narratives about the royal exequies occurred at Santa Maria da Vitória’s (Batalha) Monastery in XV century. The chronics talks about the importance of the funeral’s cerimonials happened at the Monastery. The “departure” of kings also showed the great religious pomp lived in the interior of the batalinho yard to D. João II. The Royal Pantheon of the Battle has a great symbolic and political importance, specially related to Avis’ Dinasty (1385-1581).
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The legislative panorama of the territories of the Castile’s Crown in the beginning of the reign of Alfonso X, The Wise
Jaime Estevão dos REIS
Original title: O panorama legislativo dos territórios da Coroa de Castela no início do reinado de Alfonso X, o Sábio
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Alfonso X, Castile, Legislation, León, Territories.
This article has the objective of discussing the effective legislation in the territories of the Castile’s Crown in the beginning of the reign of Alfonso X, The Wise (1252-1284). In the middle of the thirteenth century, the territories belonging to the kingdoms of Castile and León, unified in 1230, by Fernando III (1217-1252), father of Alfonso X, had their own legislation, without a unity among the several juridical codes. In the kingdom of León, as well as in the territories belonging to him, the rights originating from the visigothic Liber Iudiciorum remained. In the territories of the Castile’s kingdom, the old Castilian right was in force, the Fuero Viejo of Castilla, codified in the beginning of the thirteenth century for Alfonso VIII (1158-1214). In the Andalusia territories that were incorporated to the Castilian crown by Fernando III, the Fuero Juzgo ruled, adapted to the local reality. The main task of Alfonso XI in the beginning of his reign was the one of idealizing a project of juridical unification of the several codes on going in the territories of the Castile’s Crown.
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RAMON LLULL. Libro de los correlativos
Fernando ZALAMEA
Original title: RAMON LLULL. Libro de los correlativos
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Filosofia medieval, Liber correlativorum innatorum, Ramon Llull.
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Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages
José María SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ
Original title: Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media
Published in Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Edad Media, Idealidad, Mujer, Realidad.
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The Virgin Mary, Theotokos, and Christ, true God and true man. The mystery of Incarnation according to Cyril of Alexandria
Eirini ARTEMI
Published in Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Christ, Christotokos, Cyril of Alexandria, Nestorius, Theotokos, Virgin Mary.
The 5th century controversy of Bishop Nestorius of Constantinople and Bishop Cyril of Alexandria centred on the Person of Jesus Christ: To what extent is Jesus human? To what extent divine? And to what extent and how are His humanity and divinity united? Christ has two natures. Jesus Christ is both fully human and fully divine. If Jesus was only human, Cyril urged, and God was elsewhere, the Incarnation, the Word became flesh (human indeed), would be meaningless. On the other hand Nestorius refused that Jesus is a God too, when he questioned the use of Τheotokos (Θεοτόκος) in the veneration of Mary, the mother of Jesus. This led to a greater dispute about his Christology, specifically, his conception of the unity of the divine and human natures of Christ. In this controversy Cyril of Alexandria became his most outspoken opponent. Cyril underlined that Christ is human and God at the same time. He has two natures in the unity of person (Hypostasis). Cyril emphasized the unity of Christ and his divinity, he held that Christ “was at once God and man,” and without “any mixture or blending.” In this way he preserved the distinction between the two natures which became so important in the definition of Chalcedon. Cyril urged that Jesus Christ is at once God and man, and he is “in the likeness of men” since even though he is God he is “in the fashion of a man”. He is God in an appearance like ours, and the Lord in the form of a slave.
