Article
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The iconography of the Virgin Mary’s Assumption in the Italian Quattrocento’s painting from the prospective of its patristic and theological sources
José María SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ
Original title: La iconografía de La Asunción de la Virgen María en la pintura del Quattrocento italiano a la luz de sus fuentes patrísticas y teológicas
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Assomption, Iconography, Medieval Art, Patrology, Quattrocento.
The iconographic subject of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary to the heaven is based on a certain oral tradition and on some apocryphal writings, as well on a lot of homilies and interpretations of several Church Fathers and Doctors, such as John of Thessalonica, Saint John of Damascus and Saint Andrew of Crete, and a great number of other medieval theologians. All those literary sources, apocryphal and canonical, constitute the conceptual basis on which the Church has based the liturgical feasts and the iconography of the Death and the Assumption of the Mother of God. The iconography of the Mary’s Death, widely expressed in the Byzantine art since the 11th century, will begin to acquire some relevance in Europe since the 12th century, associating the Virgin’s triumph to the one of Jesus Christ in three characteristic subjects: the Death, the Assumption and the Coronation of Mary. Through the analysis of nine Italian paintings of the Quattrocento, our paper aims to show that such patristic and theological sources constitute the conceptual “model” that inspires in a direct and essential way the medieval iconography of Mary’s Assumption.
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Preface. Will ultimately aesthetic feeling the bones of the historian?
Ricardo da Costa
Original title: Será finalmente o sentimento estético a ossatura do historiador?
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
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Literature and History in the Medieval Education
Ana Aparecida Arguelho de SOUZA
Original title: Literatura e História na Educação Medieval
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: History, Languages, Literature, Society, education.
The current article presents an analysis of medieval literature, as languages that express a period in the history and thus reveal real life and education in a society characterized by the Catholic church seal. Through all forms and modalities of language that we learnt the long development of humanity in the history construction and in this case, we will deal with texts of medieval literature from several extracts of feudal society as expressions of pedagogical possibilities of human development in such a society.
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The chivalrous ideal of Saint Bernard in The Holy Grail Demand
Ademir Luiz da SILVA
Original title: O ideal cavaleiresco de São Bernardo em A Demanda do Santo Graal
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Knight Templar Order, Medieval Literature, Middle Ages, The Holy Grail Demand.
The Knight Templar Order was established in Palestine, between 1118 and 1119, after the Christian victory on the First Great Crusades, aiming to protect the palmeiros visitors at the Holy Sites. By fits and starts the former warrior monks reached fame and under Bernardo de Claraval intellectual tutorage the Templar was soon spread throughout Europe. The demand, the quest symbol, replaced the crusade sentiment. The literary meaning of these standards, including the joaquimita millenarian strong influence, can be found in Portuguese version of the French feat novel The Holy Grail Demand.
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Pedro I and Enrique II of Castile: the construction of a monstrous king and the legitimization of a usurper in the Chronicle of Chancellor Ayala
Cecilia DEVIA
Original title: Pedro I y Enrique II de Castilla: la construcción de un rey monstruoso y la legitimación de un usurpador en la Crónica del canciller Ayala
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Castile, Chronicles, Enrique II of Castile, Late Middle Ages, Pedro I of Castile, Violence.
To justify the confrontation between Pedro I and Enrique II of Castile, culminating in the murder of an unquestionably legitimate king in hands of his usurper brother, the chronicler Pero Lopez de Ayala build gradually a negative and somehow monstrous of Pedro I. Meanwhile, he attempts to prove that the count of Trastámara does not dethrones Pedro because of a personal ambition and breaking the rules, instead, he seems to be prevented to carry out with the mission of saving the kingdom from the terrible ills caused by the monstrous actions of his stepbrother. We will analyze the dichotomy between the negative and irrational portrait that Chancellor Ayala, one of the biggest responsible for that Pedro will be remembered as “Rey Cruel”- builds with skill, and what the practices he reveals says themselves. A meticulous scrutiny of the documents reveals a policy of regional power building through practices in which different functions of violence. Ware involved: economic, socializing, with exchange, symbolic, of justice, foundational, cultural, etc. We present here what might be called a cross dichotomy, which would face two internally contradictories terms: a monstrous but legitimate king against a usurper who is a providence’s instrument. What the construction realized by the trastamarist propaganda would have made, which from the chancellor Ayala would be the most brilliant exponent, is the conversion of a legitimate king in a illegitimate one, by nature of its own monstrosity, and the conversion of a usurper who -as shows the definition itself, is illegitimate- in a legitimate king, in function of the realization of a divine mission.
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A comparative Anthropology and traditional music of the Berber and galician-portuguese peoples. A cultural approach between the West, PreIslam and north African Islam
José Carlos Rios CAMACHO
Original title: Antropologia comparada e música tradicional dos povos berbere e galego-português. Um achegamento cultural entre o Ocidente, o Pré- Islão e o Islão norteafricano
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Anthropology, Berber, Galician-Portuguese, Music, Myths.
The intentions and the short account of this anthropologic preliminary essay are the result of our work about some directs observations of the social and cultural-musical realities at the Moroccan Rif in the second semester of the 1990 year. At the same time, we attempt to give some general notes about the Ancient-Medieval History, literature (the legends and myths) and the cultures of the Berber and Galician-Portuguese peoples, based in a vast Atlantic culture which will spread out the entire quadrant from Galicia-Ireland-Britain to the north-African Rif.
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The relation between gargoyles and texts in the context of late medieval Portugal: concerns about the behavior of the body and the sins
Catarina Alexandra Martins Fernandes BARREIRA
Original title: A relação entre gárgulas e textos no contexto tardo-medieval em Portugal: preocupações em torno do comportamento do corpo e os pecados
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Exempla, Gargoyles, Literature, Senses, Sins.
Our aim is to analyze the relationship between gargoyles and some Portuguese texts in the context of 15th and 16th centuries. In this purpose some gargoyles will be observed, as well as the iconographic programs that highlight the same concerns as the chosen texts, with special emphasis on the behaviour of the sinful body. From this phenomenon will result not only a deep relationship between gargoyles and late medieval ages, but in particular its educational role that results from a close relationship with the church and with its audience.
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Alfred the Great and the holy lineage of Wessex: the construction of a myth of origins in Anglo-Saxon England
Elton O. S. MEDEIROS
Original title: Alfred o Grande e a linhagem sagrada de Wessex: a construção de um mito de origem na Inglaterra anglo-saxônica
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Alfred, Anglo-Saxons, England, Myth, Society.
In the end of 9th century, the actions taken by King Alfred the Great were decisive for the survival of the Anglo-Saxon England against the Vikings. His cultural revival would change the Anglo-Saxon society, reinforcing the defenses of the kingdom, the politics and enable the unification of England in the mid-10th century under king Athelstan’s reign. However, the main reason behind this revival was not cultural but a spiritual. For this task, inspired by the works like Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, a myth of origins was forged. A myth that said the Anglo-Saxons were the spiritual heirs of the Hebrews of Old Testament. And their kings would be descendent of a holy lineage of a mysterious forth son of Noah. In this article we will analyze the elements of this myth, how was its construction and its importance for the Alfredian period.
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Super Incontinentia Clericorum. A historical note about the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera
Estefanía BERNABÉ
Original title: Super Incontinentia Clericorum: Un apunte histórico sobre la Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Celibacy, Clerisy, Concubinage, Libro de Buen Amor, Morality.
In the Libro de Buen Amor, written in the XIV century by Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, we find one of the best critical sources to observe the behavior of the late-medieval Spanish clerisy; through fiction, the book acts as an outstanding historical document when trying to approach their concept of celibacy. The part of the Libro that we hereby analyze, the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, clearly of goliardic accent, sets out the protest of the archdiocese of Toledo before the establishment of the obligatory celibacy. In this article, we outline a note about the historical development of the celibacy in the peninsula departing from the satirical approach of the Libro.
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Religious conflict in the fifth century through two parallel views – The sack of Rome in 410 AD in two literary works: De Reditu suo of Rutilio Namaziano and The City of God, of St. Augustine
Lilian Regina Gonçalves DINIZ
Original title: O conflito religioso no século V por meio de duas visões paralelas – O saque de Roma, de 410 d.C., em duas obras literárias: De Reditu suo, de Rutilio Namaziano, e A Cidade de Deus, de Santo Agostinho
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Christianity, Late Antiquity, Paganism, Sack of Rome, Theological conflict..
This article wants to analyze the event known as The Sack of Rome, occurred on 410 DC, using two contemporary works: De Reditu Suo, of the pagan poet Rutilio Namaziano and The City of God, written by the bishop Agostine from Hipona. The choice of these authors aimed to draw a religious parallel that illustrates the theological conflict that existed in that time. It will be initially presented the historical context preceding the period in question, known as Late Antiquity. Will be presented the political, social, economic and military questions, in order to understand the religious and social conflict caused by the rise of Christianity and the consequent decline of paganism. Is important to remember that this article is not intended to be a theological or literary thesis about the works that we are studying here. It is only a superficial historical view of an extremely wide and rich period, too complex to be treated in a few pages.
