Article
-
Jerusalem has to be free and God has to be loved: Bernard of Clairvaux between Second Crusade and Cistercian Mystic
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: Jerusalém há de ser liberada e Deus há de ser amado: Bernardo de Claraval entre a Segunda Cruzada e a Mística Cisterciense
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Love to God, Mystic, Second Crusade.
The XIIth century has been one of the most lively, turbulent and creative time of Middle Age. The reformation of the church, begun on first half of the XIth century, reaches its result, most of all in monastic sphere. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a great action man, incarnating the religious spirit of his epoch, and one of the founders of medieval mystic too. Preacher of the Second Crusade, which failed, wrote on De diligendo Deo the syntheses of his mystic experience that is also a summa of monastic experience as a whole.
-
The Second Crusade and his failure in De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam of Bernard of Clairvaux
Aurelio PASTORI RAMOS
Original title: La Segunda Cruzada y su fracaso en De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam de Bernardo de Claraval
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Crusade, Cîteaux, Eugene III.
Regarding the history of the Crusades, the abbot of Clairvaux is often cited as the preacher of the second Crusade. Less studied however is the analysis of the reasons of the failure of this Crusade, written by himself.
-
The measure of the Holy Land: the bula Ad Liberandam (1215) and institutionalization of the crusades
Leandro Duarte RUST
Original title: A medida da Terra Santa: a bula Ad Liberandam (1215) e a institucionalização das cruzadas
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusade, Innocent III, Institution, Medieval Papacy.
This article presents some reflections on the existing relations between the pontifical politics and the history of the crusades in the early 13th century. We appeal to the analysis of Ad Liberandam, the bulla issued in 1215 by Innocent III to the convening of a new crusade to Jerusalem, in order to demonstrate how the Papacy transformed that notorious military mobilization in an unparalleled opportunity for the exercise and strengthening of the papal government. Through this association, the crusading expeditions were exposed to a vigorous process of institutionalization. This process allowed the Holy See redraws its media for social control and the strategies of domination projected by the popes on the seigniorial society.
-
“In the Syrian Taste”: Crusader churches in the Latin East as architectural expressions of orthodoxy
Susan BALDERSTONE
Original title: “Ao sabor sírio”: as igrejas dos cruzados no Oriente latino como expressões da arquitetura ortodoxa
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusader churches, Latin East, Orthodoxy.
This paper explores how the architectural expression of orthodoxy in the Eastern churches was transferred to Europe before the Crusades and then reinforced through the Crusaders’ adoption of the triple-apsed east end “in the Syrian Taste”2 in the Holy Land. Previously, I have shown how it can be deduced from the archaeological remains of churches from the 4th-6th C that early church architecture was influenced by the theological ideas of the period3. It is proposed that the Eastern orthodox approach to church architecture as adopted by the Crusaders paralleled the evolution of medieval theology in Europe and can be seen as its legitimate expression.
-
Crusader Coins: an introduction to their typological and stylistic analysis
María LAURA MONTEMURRO
Original title: Monedas de las Cruzadas: introducción al análisis de su iconografía y estilo
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Coin types, Coinage, Coins, Crusader, Latin East, Numismatics.
The numismatic material offers an outstanding opportunity for iconographic studies, often neglected by art historians. For ages, coinage has not simply served as a medium of financial or commercial exchange, but also (and more interestingly for the art historian) as a vehicle that conveyed, through a wide territorial span, design and iconographic concepts of enormously influential gravitation. Crusader coins are not an exception: on the contrary, its influence in the late mediaeval coinage in regards to iconography and other devices was paramount. This paper attempts to draw attention to several aspects related to the iconography of the Crusader coins, their probable typological models and derivations, that it, its decisive influence in the later Mediaeval and early modern coinages.
-
The thought of Thomas Aquinas about military life, just war and military orders of chivalry
Ricardo da COSTA and Armando Alexandre dos SANTOS
Original title: O pensamento de Santo Tomás de Aquino (1225-1274) sobre a vida militar, a guerra justa e as ordens militares de cavalaria
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusades, Military life, Religious life, chivalry.
The article briefly presents the thought of Thomas Aquinas about the legitimacy of military life and the concept of just war, and its theological justification in the context of the Crusades, to the military orders. For that, initially uses the Biblical foundation. The following briefly lists some of the saints of the Church, to discuss the thought of Aquinas about the subject.
-
Frederick Barbarossa’s last crusade on the Liber ad Honorem Augusti
Nachman FALBEL and Vinicius Cesar Dreger de ARAÚJO
Original title: A última Cruzada de Frederico Barbarossa no Liber ad Honorem Augusti
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Byzantine Empire, Crusade, Frederick I, Holy Roman Empire.
This paper wants to study the iconography about Frederick Barbarossa’s expedition in the Third Crusade in the Liber ad Honorem Augusti of Petrus de Ebulo, composed to laudate Henry VI in late XIIth century. Thus, we looked for the comprehension of the images in various contexts: from their origins – the Norman Kingdom of Sicily – and the proper crusade of Barbarossa.
-
Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary – The Teutonic Military Order status and rule in the poles of Christianity
Shlomo LOTAN
Original title: Entre o Reino Latino de Jerusalém e a Depressão dos Cárpatos húngara medieval (Burzenland) – o status e Regra da Ordem Teutônica nas fronteiras do Cristianismo
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Burzenland, Cumans tribes, Herman von Salza, Medieval Hungary, Teutonic Order.
The 800th anniversary of the Teutonic Order's occupation of Burzenland (Barcaság) in the eastern part of the medieval Hungary (in the Brasov region in Transylvania – Romania) will be marked in 2011. It is significant because of the role of the Teutonic Military Order as defenders of the Hungarian borders from the invasion of the Cumans heathen tribes into the western part of Hungary. Another issue of significance is the relationship between the role of the Teutonic Order located in Burzenland and their presence in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem during the thirteenth century, where they held their central headquarters and defended the Kingdom from its enemies. This article will emphasize the idea that the presence of the Teutonic Order in eastern Hungary, in Burzenland, had not been an attempt to divorce itself from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, where it had its centre which continued to region the Order’s activities. It did serve the Military Order in furthering its institutional authority and standing amongst its membership. It also contributed to their image as defenders and promoted of the Christianity borders and it had reinforced their settlement in Eastern Europe. In this sense, their presence in Hungary was an introduction to the Teutonic tradition and military activities in the Baltic region. Burzenland was not candidate that could or would replace their Crusader Kingdom central religious and political focal place. In fact, their presence in the Latin East had remained and even was further accentuated, for their strengthening entire activity in both the Latin East and Eastern Europe as the defenders of Christendom.
-
“With iron, fire and argumentation”: Crusade, Conversion and the Doctrine of the Two Swords in the Ramon Llull's Philosophy
Ricardo da COSTA and Tatyana Nunes LEMOS
Original title: “Com ferro, fogo e argumentação”: Cruzada, Conversão e a Teoria dos Dois Gládios na filosofia de Ramon Llull
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusade, Medieval Philosophy, Poetry, Ramon Llull, Theory of Two Swords.
Analysis of the Crusade’s propose, conversion and the Theory of Two Swords in the philosophy of conversion of Ramon Llull, based on the poems Lo desconhort (1295), Del consili (1311) and the works Llibre de contemplació en Déu (c.1271-1273), Liber de passagio (1292), Arbor scientiae (1295-1296), Liber de fine (1305), Disputatio Petri clerici et Raimundi phantastici (1311) and Liber de ciuitate mundi (1314).
-
Crusade and Spectacle. The dramatic fiction as a substitute for military action
Francesc MASSIP
Original title: Cruzada y Espectáculo. La ficción dramática como sustituta de la acción bélica (siglos XIV y XV)
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Party, Real dramaturgy, Show, War action.
Naval shows, triumphal entrances and celebrations in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in the Iberian Peninsula and thought as a dramatic fiction replacing military action is the intent of this article.
