Article
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The image of the nobility, according to Rafael Martí de Viciana (16th century): from the medieval past to the imperial project
Vicent JOSEP ESCARTÍ
Original title: La imagen de la nobleza, según Rafael Martí de Viciana (s. XVI): del pasado medieval al proyecto imperial
Published in Aristocracy and nobility in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: 16th Hispanic century, Historiography, Nobility, Spanish Empire, Valencia, political ideology.
The present paper makes an analysis of the concept of "nobility" throughout the work of the notary and valencian noble Rafael Martí de Viciana (1502-1582). Across his writings we can see clearly how Viciana, on the paper, combined the ancient and medieval origins of the local nobility with the privileges given by the crown in more recent times, to incorporate the nobles of his time to the new imperial project Carlos V for the Hispanic monarchy.
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The new aristocracy and nobility at the end of Middle Age in the catalan novel Curial e Güelfa
Júlia BUTINYÀ I JIMÉNEZ
Original title: Les noves aristocràcia i noblesa a les acaballes de l’Edat Mitjana a través de la novel•la catalana Curial e Güelfa
Published in Aristocracy and nobility in the Ancient and Medieval World
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History handbooks and medieval education: Middle Ages historiography, proximities and distances
Luciana Rosar Fornazari KLANOVICZ
Original title: Os manuais de História da Educação e a educação medieval: aproximações e distanciamentos na historiografia sobre Idade Média
Published in Aristocracy and nobility in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Historiography, History handbooks, Middle Ages, education.
This article addresses interpretations on medieval education available in Education History handbooks in the light of a historiography reading on the topic. Therefore, Paul Monroe’s História da Educação, Edward Myers’ La educación en la perspectiva de la historia, Mario Manacorda’s História da educação, and Franco Cambi’s História da Pedagogia have been analyzed. Amidst any discourse disputes, knowledge on Middle Ages within Education History has also been losing quality or becoming rather symbolic in physical space or time periods, in order to guarantee the identification of western civilization with secularization, progress, and civilization conceived as the ideal society meant to be constructed for the contemporary age.
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Preface: Considerations about the Crusades
Almudena BLASCO VALLÉS
Original title: Prefacio: Consideraciones sobre las Cruzadas
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
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Presentation: The Crusade reborn?
Ricardo da COSTA
Original title: Apresentação: A Cruzada renasceu?
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
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Love of God or Hatred of Your Enemy? The Emotional Voices of the Crusades
Sophia MENACHE
Original title: O amor de Deus ou o ódio ao seu inimigo? As vozes emocionais das Cruzadas
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusades, Emotions, Moslems, Papacy.
The present paper attempts to investigate three cornerstones of the history of the early crusades from a wider range of emotions while focusing on [1] the call to the crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem, [2] the fall of Edessa and, subsequently, the Second Crusade and its outcomes, and [3] the Christian defeat at the Horns of Hattin. Less than a century before the crusades, different groups in Christian society had been the target of the same pejorative emotions that were later used to denounce and reproach the Moslems. These terms should therefore be seen and analyzed, not to produce a superficial moral reading of the vilification of the Moslems, but as an essential part of the thesaurus in which Christian society analyzed itself. In fact, the use of the same Augustinian emotional index transforms negative attitudes toward the Moslems into an act of inverted inclusion of the Moslems within the Christian sphere; in other words, using illusionary inclusion in order to exclude. This inverted inclusion means that within its inner discourse, Christian society defeated the Moslems symbolically, independently of the real outcome on the battlefield. The transformation of the crusaders from esterners into Easterners in Fulcher’s eschatology (note 45) is a conscious practice of erasing the “other” by expropriating its identity. This was not, however, an act of including the Easterner into the crusaders’ weltanschauung, but a symbolic denial that further served to exclude the Easterners altogether.
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The ğihād and his substitute, the ribāṭ, in the traditional Islam: Evolution from a militaristic and collective spirit towards an inner and individual spirituality
Francisco FRANCO-SÁNCHEZ
Original title: El ğihād y su sustituto el ribāṭ en el Islam tradicional: Evolución desde un espíritu militarista y colectivo hacia una espiritualidad interior e individual
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Holy-War, Islam, Ribāṭ, Spirituality, Ğihād.
At the beginning Ğihād was in Islam a militaristic spirit that articulates a defence of the religion, or what is the same, of the Muslim State, by means of arms. When in the first century of the Hegira it becomes impossible to continue the expansion of the Islamic State, the Ribāṭ was articulated as a substitute for Ğihād. It involved the internalization of the same spirituality, now understood not as a collective and official precept, but as individual command and internal fight. We revise the data from Arab sources about the Ribāṭ and its performance in the building known as rābiṭa. The function of these buildings, historiography, juridical frame, religious life and the economy related to the rābiṭa-s are explained. Toponymic traces and material vestiges of the rābiṭa-s at the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, especially those found in Guardamar del Segura are explained as well.
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Cynocephalus in commentario? The monstrous or savage nature of infidels as juridical argument
Alejandro MORIN
Original title: Cynocephalus in commentario? El carácter monstruoso o salvaje de los infieles como argumento jurídico
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Innocent IV, Islam, Monstrosity, Oldradus de Ponte, Savagery.
For some years a type of historiographical approach has rendered fruits about the relation Christians-Muslims, focused on the perception/construction of alterity. This is evident in different works that analyze the medieval “images” of the unbelievers created in a hostile context. But this approach can ignore the rhetorical-juridical inscription of the description of the unbeliever in teratological or wild terms. What seems an ethnographic reference that says much about the medieval Christian ethnocentrism may in certain context operate as a juridical argument that enables one type or another of justification for the conquest on unchristians. We pose here the convenience of bringing together two subjects that medievalists had developed separately: the history of the Christian stereotypes of Saracen “monstrosity” and the history of medieval law.
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Jerusalem has to be free and God has to be loved: Bernard of Clairvaux between Second Crusade and Cistercian Mystic
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: Jerusalém há de ser liberada e Deus há de ser amado: Bernardo de Claraval entre a Segunda Cruzada e a Mística Cisterciense
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Love to God, Mystic, Second Crusade.
The XIIth century has been one of the most lively, turbulent and creative time of Middle Age. The reformation of the church, begun on first half of the XIth century, reaches its result, most of all in monastic sphere. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a great action man, incarnating the religious spirit of his epoch, and one of the founders of medieval mystic too. Preacher of the Second Crusade, which failed, wrote on De diligendo Deo the syntheses of his mystic experience that is also a summa of monastic experience as a whole.
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The Second Crusade and his failure in De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam of Bernard of Clairvaux
Aurelio PASTORI RAMOS
Original title: La Segunda Cruzada y su fracaso en De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam de Bernardo de Claraval
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Crusade, Cîteaux, Eugene III.
Regarding the history of the Crusades, the abbot of Clairvaux is often cited as the preacher of the second Crusade. Less studied however is the analysis of the reasons of the failure of this Crusade, written by himself.
