Article
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Pedro I and Enrique II of Castile: the construction of a monstrous king and the legitimization of a usurper in the Chronicle of Chancellor Ayala
Cecilia DEVIA
Original title: Pedro I y Enrique II de Castilla: la construcción de un rey monstruoso y la legitimación de un usurpador en la Crónica del canciller Ayala
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
To justify the confrontation between Pedro I and Enrique II of Castile, culminating in the murder of an unquestionably legitimate king in hands of his usurper brother, the chronicler Pero Lopez de Ayala build gradually a negative and somehow monstrous of Pedro I. Meanwhile, he attempts to prove that the count of Trastámara does not dethrones Pedro because of a personal ambition and breaking the rules, instead, he seems to be prevented to carry out with the mission of saving the kingdom from the terrible ills caused by the monstrous actions of his stepbrother. We will analyze the dichotomy between the negative and irrational portrait that Chancellor Ayala, one of the biggest responsible for that Pedro will be remembered as “Rey Cruel”- builds with skill, and what the practices he reveals says themselves. A meticulous scrutiny of the documents reveals a policy of regional power building through practices in which different functions of violence. Ware involved: economic, socializing, with exchange, symbolic, of justice, foundational, cultural, etc. We present here what might be called a cross dichotomy, which would face two internally contradictories terms: a monstrous but legitimate king against a usurper who is a providence’s instrument. What the construction realized by the trastamarist propaganda would have made, which from the chancellor Ayala would be the most brilliant exponent, is the conversion of a legitimate king in a illegitimate one, by nature of its own monstrosity, and the conversion of a usurper who -as shows the definition itself, is illegitimate- in a legitimate king, in function of the realization of a divine mission.
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Preface. Will ultimately aesthetic feeling the bones of the historian?
Ricardo da Costa
Original title: Será finalmente o sentimento estético a ossatura do historiador?
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
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“Checkmate to the time, the forms and the place…”. Meister Eckhart between flowing of time and stillness of Eternity
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: “Xeque-mate ao tempo, às formas e ao lugar...”. Mestre Eckhart entre o fluir do tempo e o remanso da Eternidade
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
The conception of time in Eckhart’s reflection is a fundamental point that joins the thought of German Dominican: the metaphysic model of development of being overcomes the concepts of time and eternity, leading plurality into One, the duplex esse into unum esse, the temporal into timeless. The illustration of the main features of this rational path, here, is done starting from the poem Granum sinapis, which condenses the main themes of philosophicaltheological speculation of Thüringen, among of that there’s the issue of time.
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“With iron, fire and argumentation”: Crusade, Conversion and the Doctrine of the Two Swords in the Ramon Llull's Philosophy
Ricardo da COSTA and Tatyana Nunes LEMOS
Original title: “Com ferro, fogo e argumentação”: Cruzada, Conversão e a Teoria dos Dois Gládios na filosofia de Ramon Llull
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Analysis of the Crusade’s propose, conversion and the Theory of Two Swords in the philosophy of conversion of Ramon Llull, based on the poems Lo desconhort (1295), Del consili (1311) and the works Llibre de contemplació en Déu (c.1271-1273), Liber de passagio (1292), Arbor scientiae (1295-1296), Liber de fine (1305), Disputatio Petri clerici et Raimundi phantastici (1311) and Liber de ciuitate mundi (1314).
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Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary – The Teutonic Military Order status and rule in the poles of Christianity
Shlomo LOTAN
Original title: Entre o Reino Latino de Jerusalém e a Depressão dos Cárpatos húngara medieval (Burzenland) – o status e Regra da Ordem Teutônica nas fronteiras do Cristianismo
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
The 800th anniversary of the Teutonic Order's occupation of Burzenland (Barcaság) in the eastern part of the medieval Hungary (in the Brasov region in Transylvania – Romania) will be marked in 2011. It is significant because of the role of the Teutonic Military Order as defenders of the Hungarian borders from the invasion of the Cumans heathen tribes into the western part of Hungary. Another issue of significance is the relationship between the role of the Teutonic Order located in Burzenland and their presence in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem during the thirteenth century, where they held their central headquarters and defended the Kingdom from its enemies. This article will emphasize the idea that the presence of the Teutonic Order in eastern Hungary, in Burzenland, had not been an attempt to divorce itself from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, where it had its centre which continued to region the Order’s activities. It did serve the Military Order in furthering its institutional authority and standing amongst its membership. It also contributed to their image as defenders and promoted of the Christianity borders and it had reinforced their settlement in Eastern Europe. In this sense, their presence in Hungary was an introduction to the Teutonic tradition and military activities in the Baltic region. Burzenland was not candidate that could or would replace their Crusader Kingdom central religious and political focal place. In fact, their presence in the Latin East had remained and even was further accentuated, for their strengthening entire activity in both the Latin East and Eastern Europe as the defenders of Christendom.
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The ğihād and his substitute, the ribāṭ, in the traditional Islam: Evolution from a militaristic and collective spirit towards an inner and individual spirituality
Francisco FRANCO-SÁNCHEZ
Original title: El ğihād y su sustituto el ribāṭ en el Islam tradicional: Evolución desde un espíritu militarista y colectivo hacia una espiritualidad interior e individual
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
At the beginning Ğihād was in Islam a militaristic spirit that articulates a defence of the religion, or what is the same, of the Muslim State, by means of arms. When in the first century of the Hegira it becomes impossible to continue the expansion of the Islamic State, the Ribāṭ was articulated as a substitute for Ğihād. It involved the internalization of the same spirituality, now understood not as a collective and official precept, but as individual command and internal fight. We revise the data from Arab sources about the Ribāṭ and its performance in the building known as rābiṭa. The function of these buildings, historiography, juridical frame, religious life and the economy related to the rābiṭa-s are explained. Toponymic traces and material vestiges of the rābiṭa-s at the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, especially those found in Guardamar del Segura are explained as well.
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The new aristocracy and nobility at the end of Middle Age in the catalan novel Curial e Güelfa
Júlia BUTINYÀ I JIMÉNEZ
Original title: Les noves aristocràcia i noblesa a les acaballes de l’Edat Mitjana a través de la novel•la catalana Curial e Güelfa
Published in Aristocracy and nobility in the Ancient and Medieval World
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“Thy Kingdom come”: The Legitimation of the Medieval Court Through Image of the Heavenly Court
Jó KLANOVICZ, Icles RODRIGUES and Rodrigo Prates de ANDRADE
Original title: “Venha a nós o Vosso reino”: a legitimação da Corte Medieval através da imagem da Corte Celestial
Published in Aristocracy and nobility in the Ancient and Medieval World
This article studies the medieval court by a perspective of a historiographical readout of the political theology. The idea of an instrument of legitimation of the royal power based in the heavenly court and that mirrored in the earthly court. This conception is very present in the medieval iconography, that will be used in this analysis.
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The “pedagogical perspective” of Dante Aliguieri to access the true nobility and the earthly bliss
Moisés Romanazzi Tôrres
Original title: A perspectiva “pedagógica” de Dante Aliguieri no acesso à verdadeira nobreza e à beatitude terrestre
Published in The educacion and secular culture in the Middle Ages
Dante, in the pages of Convivio, develops his ethics, establishing the model of the ideal life, perfect and nobly. This point of view is aristocratic because the spirit culture is reserved for special peoples of nobility. Here, the central element is the aristoteleanism. Dante imagines a group of governorphilosophers that received, exactly as a reward by your philosophical effort, the gift of the true nobility. They are assigned of guiding, in your feuds, kingdoms, cities, the human crowds to the happiness and terrestrial perfection. In the third book of the De Monarchia, Dante, closing this “pedagogic” perspective, characterizes the emperor definitively as the Great Philosopher of the Christianity and, like this, the Master, the ultimately guide of the men to the mystic splendor of the true nobility and of the blessedness philosophical or terrestrial.
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The Christian imaginary in the novels of knights and in the cantigas de amor
Hilda Gomes Dutra Magalhães, Eliane Cristina Testa and Izabel Cristina dos Santos Teixeira
Original title: O imaginário cristão nas novelas de cavalaria e nas cantigas de amor
Published in The educacion and secular culture in the Middle Ages
We analyze, in this text, the influence of the christian education in the secular imaginary of the Middle Age, more exactly in the story of chivalry Search for the Holy Grail and in the plaintive love songs, produced in the Europe in the twelfth century. Throughout the reflection, we observed an important influence of the Church as much in the cavalry stories as in the plaintive love songs, but these influences weren't sufficient for to avoid the increase, in the imaginary of Middle Age, of the individuality, cultural substratum of the Europe anterior the Christianism.
