Article
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The Double Effect Doctrine in Thomas Aquinas’ Just War
Marco Alexandre RIBEIRO
Published in Mirabilia Journal 31 (2020/2)
The use of war to expand the limits of Christianity or the limits of the power of the Christian Church was, from an early age, regular. This theme, which over the centuries has been the subject of intense debates among intellectuals who tried to justify the morality of this war or, by contrast, served to develop various attacks on the Church, is the focus of the present work. In this way, we seek to understand here the development of the concept of just war in St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologiae, it’s way of justifying the use of war, the moments when its use is legitimate, the applicability of the Double Effect Doctrine in this concept and also the influence that his thought exercised on chronologically closer thinkers, but also contemporary philosophy, using to this purpose, the work of Elizabeth Anscombe, a striking figure in twentieth-century philosophy, to understand the pertinence of the medieval theologian thought in this matter.
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Evangelization and Translation into Nahuatl: Holy Scripture in New Sapin in the 16th Century
Verónica MURILLO GALLEGOS
Original title: Evangelización y traducción a la lengua náhuatl: las Sagradas Escrituras en la Nueva España del siglo XVI
Published in Mirabilia Journal 31 (2020/2)
This chapter presents the linguistic, theological and cultural mesh found in the transla-tion of excerpts of the Holy Scriptures into Nahuatl that were carried out by religious missionaries in sixteenth-century New Spain. It aims to consider the translation of the Bible into Indoamerican languages as an extension of the European problems of that time, signaling the caracteristics and difficulties that they acquire within the context of the evangelization and colonization of the American indigenous people.
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Erasmus editor of Saint Jerome: the Opera omnia (1516)
Inmaculada DELGADO JARA
Original title: Erasmo editor de san Jerónimo: las Opera omnia (1516)
Published in Mirabilia Journal 31 (2020/2)
The biblical and patristic project of Erasmus began in 1516, after a long maturation period of at least 15 years (from 1500 to 1516), with the publication in that annus mi-rabilis of the Novum Instrumentum and the Opera omnia of Saint Jerome –two milestones in his biblical and patristic project that will continue for twenty years with the edition of more than a dozen Fathers of the Church, both Greek and Latin–. At this time he had already discovered that the Sacred Scripture and the Fathers of the Church (espe-cially Saint Augustine, Chrysostom, Basil, Origen and Saint Jerome) could renew what he understood by theology: he does not want a scotist, nominalist, thomisttheology, that is, that of the recentiores, but a true theology, the vetus theologia or later the bibli-cal philosophia Christi, centered on the gospels and apostolic letters. But to reach this, we not only have the texts of the Scripture, but also the Fathers of the Church –and among them the greatest Latin Father, Jerome–, from which to take in the purest mes-sage of the Scripture, a redditio ad fontes, which he will defend throughout his life as the foundation of the theological renewal that he perceived as profoundly necessary in his time. The study deals with his herculean nine-volume edition of Saint Jerome’s Opera omnia –the first and most important of his many editions of the Fathers of the Church–. Because we anticipate that, with Erasmus, “the first patrology” was born. Its great editorial and translating task will facilitate the dissemination of patristic thought that will influence studies on New Testament philology as well as the development of dogmatic theology and Christian piety itself.
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Saint Jerome in Spain in the 16th Century
Pauline RENOUX-CARON
Original title: San Jerónimo en España en el siglo XVI
Published in Mirabilia Journal 31 (2020/2)
A Doctor of the Church and a polyglot philologist, Saint Jerome influenced generations of Spanish men of letters and men of the Church and was a central figure of 16th centu-ry humanism. Many studies have focused on the numerous representations of the Saint in Spanish art, but little has been written about the texts that testify to the importance of Saint Jerome in 16th century Spain. Saint Jerome can be defined in various ways: as an observant monk, he was chosen by the monastic Order of the Hieronymites as their patron; he was also considered as the spokesman of Erasmus’s humanism; as a Chris-tian Hebrew scholar, he interested Spanish Bible scholars; as a man of the Church, he was frequently quoted in arguments and debates over the ideas of the Counter-Reformation. Once his Latin Vulgate was declared to be ‘authentic’ at the Council of Trente, he appeared as the defender of the Roman church. A Hebrew scholar and a Bible translator, the Doctor Maximus was both from East and West, and his influence never was greater than in the late 16th century, a time of controversies between the ad-vocates of biblical philology and the partisans of the Vulgate in a climate of anti-Judaism. Saint Jerome thus appears as a great and multifaceted figure, who demon-strates the intensity of the spiritual and intelectual life in 16th century Spain.
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Rhythms and contrast: Color and Body in the illuminated manuscripts of Loyset Liédet (1420-1479)
Vinícius Saebel LEMOS
Original title: Ritmos e contrastes: cor e corpo nas iluminuras de Loyset Liédet (1420-1479)
Published in Mirabilia Journal 31 (2020/2)
Cet article vise à analyser les expressions imagées des corps et des couleurs dans leurs rythmes et leurs contrastes. Dans une sélection d'enluminures de l'artiste Loyset Liédet (1420-1479) dans les Chroniques (MS Bnf 2643) de Jean Froissart (1337-1405), outre l'aspect formel, cette œuvre passe par les manifestations des éléments Couleur et Corps comme preuve d'un permanence de ces thèmes dans l'Histoire de l'Art et comme occurrence ponctuelle de l'époque médiévale. Les niveaux de compréhension de l'image, explorés par Erwin Panosfsky (1892-1968), sont ici exposés et développés dans leurs couches jusqu'au niveau des valeurs symboliques dans lesquelles les couleurs ont joué un rôle substantiel. Après tout, les enluminures ont joué ce rôle: apporter la lumière – ou apporter de la lumière – au manuscrit un fait ou une imagerie narrative présentée aux yeux de l'observateur à travers les couleurs. Les enluminures, dans cet article, initient l'une des Chroniques qui rapportent les actes de la Guerre de Cent Ans qui a commencé en 1337 entre la France et l'Angleterre, un événement qui a duré jusqu'à la décoloration du Moyen Âge, mais qui une fois passé à la plume et à l'encre sur le terrain das Artes, a servi à splendide toute la vigueur du Gothique Tardif et l'élan de l'Art Flamand naissant.
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Colors in the work of Nicholas of Cusa
Marica COSTIGLIOLO
Original title: I colori nell’opera di Niccolò Cusano
Published in Mirabilia Journal 31 (2020/2)
When we think about colour and its meanings, we must consider the historical path that colours have gone through, and how they have changed over the course of history. Until the seventeenth century, those who dealt with the perception of colour mainly analyzed its nature, its organization in a system of relationships. From Newton onwards, the understanding of colour is analyzed starting from the relationship of the mechanisms of vision and perception. In Nicholas of Cusa work, we find both perspectives. On the one hand, Cusanus is interested in the mechanism of sight, on the other hand there are numerous metaphors with light and divine light. The philosopher's discourse therefore addresses both an analysis of the mechanism of perception and a broader discourse that becomes a theological and mystical metaphor. In this sense, his work proves to be a rich source also in the context of the history of colours and in general in the history of art.
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The just war in St. Thomas de Aquinas and its reflections in History
Gilberto Callado de OLIVEIRA
Original title: A guerra justa em Santo Tomás de Aquino e seus reflexos na História
Published in War and Disease in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
In the face of current offensive and preventive wars, based on ideological and economic values, Thomist philosophy and theology are very important, not only in considering the fundamentals of just war, but also applying the theory of private wars as a possible key to giving origin of a new international order. Augustine of Hippo was certainly the creator of the doctrine of just defensive war based on Christian principles, but, taken up by Aquinas, it acquired the idea of an offensive holy war, which involves the protection of justice and the honour of God.
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Disease, Sin and Soul Medicine in the preaching of Saint Anthony (c. 1195-1231)
Gustavo Cambraia FRANCO
Original title: Doença, pecado e medicina da alma na pregação de Santo Antônio (c. 1195-1231)
Published in War and Disease in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
The purpose of this article is to analyze the ideas of Saint Anthony of Lisbon, a XIIIth century Franciscan preacher, about diseases and their relationship with the medieval doctrine of sin and vices. The theme is exposed from evangelical passages and a series of related biblical accounts, explained by Saint Anthony, which contain references to diseases and physical sickness. His sermons emphasize, through the exegesis of the allegorical and moral senses, that the human body and its five senses are open doors to vices, by which the human soul, and even the body itself, are infected and affected by various physical and spiritual illnesses. So, only the medicine of Christ and of his preachers, the continuous exercise of virtues and penitential practices have the power to heal and regenerate man to its original state of health.
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The friendship, a political problem. Manueline construction of aristocratic bond
Federico J. ASISS-GONZÁLEZ
Original title: La amistad, un problema político. Construcción manuelina del vínculo aristocrático
Published in Senses and sensibilities in classical and medieval worlds
Friendship is presented before our eyes as a kind of universal bond, as the ideal way to bond with the rest of human beings. Its deployment over time, the loyalty or fidelity with which it solidifies friendly relations seem a topic more proper to ethics than to politics, although decades ago Jacques Derrida revealed it to us as a political issue. However, this work of unveiling that requires us to fully understand the nature of this bond was not such for don Juan Manuel. In his works, friendship occupies a specific function within the discourse on nobility. In fact, the friendship resulted from a pact, as requested by the Fuero de Castiella, between noblemen in order to pacify their relations and to proceed with their political struggles. In this article we propose to analyze the characteristics of this link in the Manueline texts or, in other words, to understand what is friendship for Don Juan Manuel and how it is articulated within the representation of his sector.
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The Formation of a Carolingian Emotional and Sensory Community
Gerardo RODRÍGUEZ
Original title: La conformación de una comunidad emocional y sensorial carolingia
Published in Senses and sensibilities in classical and medieval worlds
What emotional and sensory models are possible to historically identify and rebuild? How do such models conform? How do emotional and sensory communities arise? What sources are available to replenish issues related to senses and emotions? From what historiographic perspective should be carried out these investigations, which are at the forefront of both theoretical and methodological renewal? I will answer these questions considering that it is necessary to define concepts and analyze the selected documentation based on these conceptual definitions. The questions referred to the theoretical and methodological framework will be raised from the emotional and sensory turns of the Human and Social Sciences of the last thirty years; the historical context will be the Carolingian world of the second half of the eighth century; the selected documentation, the Carolingian councils. This cross between the history of emotions, the history of the senses, the beginnings of the Carolingian cultural renewal and conciliar provisions will allow me to reconstruct the emotional and sensory communities of an era, as to culturally and socially construct products, in the historical context mentioned above.
