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St. Basilius’ contribution to pneumatology is best comprehended within the historical milieu of the Arian controversy that pervaded much of the fourth century Roman Empire religiously and politically. It is a study which focuses on Basilius's understanding of the role and the Person of the Holy Spirit, particularly as found in his treatise to Amphilochius Iconium. The distinctive character of the Holy Spirit can be defined in the light of the Trinitarian relationship of the Spirit. Basilius, like Athanasius, defines the distinctiveness of the Holy Spirit in terms of His relation to God the Father and the Son. The status and position in their relationship defines the distinctiveness of each member of the Trinity. The definition of this kind occupies the major part of Basilius’ treatise of pneumatology. Basilius’ pneumatology cannot be understood; however, apart from his thoughts on salvation and baptism, which themselves are bound together. Basilius’ argument for the divinity of the Holy Spirit works by illustrating what the Holy Spirit does. The Holy Spirit illumines and sanctifies the baptized. The Holy Spirit completes and perfects creation from the beginning of time to its end and illumines the mind of the believer to understand the message of its order. The Holy Spirit inspires the Scriptures and governs their understanding in the church. Making no claim to know the essence of God, Basilius also leaves no doubt that the Holy Spirit has revealed his divinity through his actions. Only God does what only God can do.