Article
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If God is eternal
Pe. Dilonei Pedro MÜLLER
Original title: Se Deus é eterno
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Being, Duration, Eternity, God, Time.
This study focuses on comprehending some of the aspects about God’s eternity in São Tomas. He talks about the question of the eternity of God in the first part of the Summa Theologiae, the tenth question. The eternity concept acquires itself throughout the knowledge of time. Such as to the knowledge of the simple things gets through the knowledge of the composed things, and the knowledge of God’s eternity is acquired through the knowledge of time. Time is the enumeration of the movement one second before and one second after and characterizes itself by own succession. In a not moving endowed being, which, in fact is always the same one, there isn’t one second before and one after. This comprehension derives the idea of eternity. So, what is totally immutable doesn’t carry any succession, and, because of this it doesn’t have either a beginning or an end.
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Time and Eternity in Saint Thomas Aquinas
Carlos NOUGUÉ
Original title: Tempo e Eternidade em Santo Tomás de Aquino
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Eternity, God, Thomas Aquinas, Time.
Analysis of the concepts of time and eternity in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas.
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Measure and classify the usual time: the dogged work of medieval jurists
Paola MICELI
Original title: Medir y clasificar el tiempo de la costumbre: la obstinada tarea de los juristas medievales
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Christian time, Classification, Costume, Legal discourse, Medieval jurists.
The custom has been linked in the juridical classic tradition and in the medieval one to the problem of the time. Nevertheless the conception of the temporality that was operating in each of these traditions was clearly different. The target of this work will be to show the transformation that took place in the medieval right with regard to the time of the custom, change directly related to a new Christian conception that did of the time a key for the salvation. Although the references to the time of the custom were already present in Corpus Iuris never the Roman legal experts alluded to period that were allowing the introduction of the same one. The time in the roman jurisprudence only was qualifying to the custom. The medieval jurists crossed by a conception of the time where the term was an important element for the attainment of an end (the salvation in the eschatological time) got obsessed for measuring and classifying the time of the consuetudo.
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Narratives of time: Augustine and Joachim of Fiore
Noeli Dutra ROSSATO
Original title: Narrativas do tempo: Agostinho e Joaquim de Fiore
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Augustine, History, Joachim of Fiore, Time, narrative.
The Book XI of Augustine's Confessions is analyzed based on the mutual implication between the themes of triplicate present and distention of the soul. The solution shown is that of the ontological paradox and to that of the measure of time being linked to both these themes, and that the notion of narrative presents itself as a possibility of resolution of the paradox between the time of the soul and the time of the world. Lastly the history theory of Augustine and Joachim of Fiore are analyzed from the narrative perspective.
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“Checkmate to the time, the forms and the place…”. Meister Eckhart between flowing of time and stillness of Eternity
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: “Xeque-mate ao tempo, às formas e ao lugar...”. Mestre Eckhart entre o fluir do tempo e o remanso da Eternidade
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Eternity, Time, birth of logos, fullness, instant.
The conception of time in Eckhart’s reflection is a fundamental point that joins the thought of German Dominican: the metaphysic model of development of being overcomes the concepts of time and eternity, leading plurality into One, the duplex esse into unum esse, the temporal into timeless. The illustration of the main features of this rational path, here, is done starting from the poem Granum sinapis, which condenses the main themes of philosophicaltheological speculation of Thüringen, among of that there’s the issue of time.
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Time and eternity: a model in John Duns Scotus (c. 1265-1308) and a note on Francis of Mayrone (c. 1280-1327)
Roberto Hofmeister PICH
Original title: Tempo e eternidade: um modelo em Duns Scotus (c. 1265-1308) e uma nota sobre Francisco de Meyronnes (c. 1280-1327)
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Divine Knowledge, Eternity, Francis of Mayrone, John Duns Scotus, Time.
Since a seminal study by Richard Cross doubts were raised about some Scotist passages concerning God’s knowledge of future contingents, where the Subtle Doctor would have adopted, atipically, a kind of presentism about time. Making use of McTaggat’s expressions, Cross recognized that Scotus is bound to a A-theory (presentism) language. This brings some difficulties to the interpreter, but it should not prevent anyone from concluding that Scotus seems at the end to favour a B-theory (here called “staticism”) on the nature of time. The exposition of time as a “fluent now” would occur for the first time in Lect. I d. 39. Scotus rejects there what he sees as Aquinas’ view on God’s timelessness – which would entail a B-theory, and therefore that a A-series of “past, present, and future” does not exist. In this study, a clarification of the dilemmas is pursued through the analysis of three key texts by Scotus on the subject – Lect. I d. 39 q. 1-5, Ord. I d. 38 q. 2 and d. 39 q. 1-5, and Rep. exam. I d. 38 q. 1-2, which deal with the question of the knowledge that God has of all things according to every temporal condition of existence. A short note on the position of Francis of Mayrone concerning the ontological status of time can confirm the approach offered here.
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Time in Jewish Worldview
Jane Bichmacher de GLASMAN
Original title: O Tempo na Cosmovisão Judaica
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Calendar, Ecology, Jewish Festivals, Judaism, Shabbat.
Judaism is usually studied and analyzed from several points of view. My purpose, in this text, is to detach the time markers, specially the months of the year and the Shabbat, as characteristic elements in the formation and in the permanence of Jewish tradition, since the origins of universal history up to contemporary, as well as its connection with nature, illustrating like this Jewish worldview through the time dimension.
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Some thoughts on the semantic analysis of economic and financial medieval vocabulary held by Ancelet-Dominique Netter
Josemar Machado de OLIVEIRA
Original title: Algumas reflexões sobre a análise semântica do vocabulário econômico e financeiro medieval realizada por Dominique Ancelet-Netter
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
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Preface
Adriana Zierer
Original title: Prefácio
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
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The iconography of Hell in Medieval artistic tradition
Tamara QUÍRICO
Original title: A iconografia do Inferno na tradição artística medieval
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Hell, Iconography, Middle Ages, Visions of the Otherworld.
This article shall briefly discuss the elaboration of the visual representation of Hell – both in paintings as in plays –, as well as some of the most important iconographic elements of the theme. It is intended to show how Scriptural elements were associated to others of popular origin in order to create the iconography of the theme throughout medieval period. It must be considered that Hell forms Christian imaginary, being an essential part of one of the most important questions to Christianity: man’s fate after death and after the end of the world. Absorbing concepts and traditions alien to Christian religiosity, the iconography of Hell became one of the main elements to indoctrinate the faithful, when presented as an independent theme, but especially when it was associated to the broader representation of the Last Judgment.
