Article
-
Super Incontinentia Clericorum. A historical note about the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera
Estefanía BERNABÉ
Original title: Super Incontinentia Clericorum: Un apunte histórico sobre la Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Celibacy, Clerisy, Concubinage, Libro de Buen Amor, Morality.
In the Libro de Buen Amor, written in the XIV century by Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita, we find one of the best critical sources to observe the behavior of the late-medieval Spanish clerisy; through fiction, the book acts as an outstanding historical document when trying to approach their concept of celibacy. The part of the Libro that we hereby analyze, the Cántica de los clérigos de Talavera, clearly of goliardic accent, sets out the protest of the archdiocese of Toledo before the establishment of the obligatory celibacy. In this article, we outline a note about the historical development of the celibacy in the peninsula departing from the satirical approach of the Libro.
-
Literature and History in the Medieval Education
Ana Aparecida Arguelho de SOUZA
Original title: Literatura e História na Educação Medieval
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: History, Languages, Literature, Society, education.
The current article presents an analysis of medieval literature, as languages that express a period in the history and thus reveal real life and education in a society characterized by the Catholic church seal. Through all forms and modalities of language that we learnt the long development of humanity in the history construction and in this case, we will deal with texts of medieval literature from several extracts of feudal society as expressions of pedagogical possibilities of human development in such a society.
-
The Art of Middle Ages as a Builder Visual Concept of Evil
Márcia Schmitt Veronezi CAPPELLARI
Original title: A Arte da Idade Média como construtora de um conceito visual de mal
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Evil, History, Imaginary, Middle Ages, image.
The figure of the Devil had an important role during the Middle Ages served as the main reference for the publicity of the Catholic Church. The terrible torture of men would be subjected to hell and the delights of paradise populated speeches and led the imaginary of the period. The grotesque and nightmarish image was intended to scare people to obey the moral laws and to turn away from sin.
-
The death as passing: Earth, Paradise, and Hell in Armer Heinrich by Hartmann von Aue
Daniele Gallindo Gonçalves SILVA
Original title: A morte como passagem: Terra, Paraíso e Inferno em Armer Heinrich (Pobre Henrique) de Hartmann von Aue
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Death, Literature in Middle High German, Rites of Passage.
There are several discourses about death in the XII century. In addition to the discourses disseminated by the clergy and religious literature, the Middle High German literature also covered the theme in its own manner. Accordingly, the work Armer Heinrich by Hartmann von Aue re-elaborates the knowledge about death and the transience of life, which are presented and discussed here.
-
The feminine imaginary in Virtuosa Benfeitoria and its mediation between Man and Paradise
Mafalda Maria Leal de Oliveira e Silva FRADE
Original title: O imaginário feminino na Virtuosa Benfeitoria e sua mediação entre o Homem e o Paraíso
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Infant D. Pedro, Middle Ages, Virgin Mary, Virtuosa Benfeitoria, Woman.
The main goal of this research is to study the female imagery in the medieval work Virtuosa Benfeitoria, written by Infante D. Pedro and based on Seneca’s book De Beneficiis. In this text, there are various ideas about the status of women, conveyed by three specific groups: the Graces, the six maidens and the Virgin Mary. Given the religiosity of Middle Ages, the latter is given a leading role (despite the mythological influences of the three Graces and the allegory of the six maidens): she is the epitome of perfection and is responsible for an important role of mediation between Man and Heaven.
-
Meister Eckhart and the Paradisus anime intelligentis
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: Meister Eckhart e o Paradisus anime intelligentis
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Being, Eckhart, Paradisus, Return to One, intellect.
The Dominican master doesn't talk about Paradise in his works like a place in the future, because his point of view is not eschatological. In fact, for him there's no a way toward a future happiness, but a return to the origin. In Paradisus anime intelligentis, Eckhart defends the superiority of intellectus and God Himself is defined like it, while the esse (being) reports himself almost exclusively to creatures. The man, to realize his deep calling to be unum with God, has to come back to Him.
-
Meaning and importance of Paradise description in the Introducción de los Milagros de Nuestra Señora by Gonzalo de Berceo
Lidia Raquel MIRANDA
Original title: Sentido y alcances de la descripción del Paraíso en la Introducción de los Milagros de Nuestra Señora de Gonzalo de Berceo
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Allegory, Berceo, Description, Milagros de Nuestra Señora, Paradise.
The Introduction of Los Milagros de Nuestra Señora by Gonzalo de Berceo shows a locus amoenus, where the pilgrim rests, that identify with paradise (c. 14 a y b). The source in that lawn (c. 3) divides in four branches (c. 21) that evoke the rivers of paradise, and the trees that produce healthful and beautiful fruits (c. 4) represent the abundance and happiness preceding the original sin. In this context, Virgin Mary image is the redemption matrix that will repair the fault committed by Adam and Eve because of her mediation between Christ and men. The stanzas’ text by Gonzalo de Berceo we have analyzed focus in theological history of humanity of latest days, the enunciator present, which is understood starting from the originating times. So, the lawn description connotes the lost paradise and paradisiacal state which recovery is a certain possibility to men who believe and devote Virgin Mary.
-
The iconography of Hell in Medieval artistic tradition
Tamara QUÍRICO
Original title: A iconografia do Inferno na tradição artística medieval
Published in Paradise, Purgatory and Hell: the Religiosity in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Hell, Iconography, Middle Ages, Visions of the Otherworld.
This article shall briefly discuss the elaboration of the visual representation of Hell – both in paintings as in plays –, as well as some of the most important iconographic elements of the theme. It is intended to show how Scriptural elements were associated to others of popular origin in order to create the iconography of the theme throughout medieval period. It must be considered that Hell forms Christian imaginary, being an essential part of one of the most important questions to Christianity: man’s fate after death and after the end of the world. Absorbing concepts and traditions alien to Christian religiosity, the iconography of Hell became one of the main elements to indoctrinate the faithful, when presented as an independent theme, but especially when it was associated to the broader representation of the Last Judgment.
-
Some thoughts on the semantic analysis of economic and financial medieval vocabulary held by Ancelet-Dominique Netter
Josemar Machado de OLIVEIRA
Original title: Algumas reflexões sobre a análise semântica do vocabulário econômico e financeiro medieval realizada por Dominique Ancelet-Netter
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
-
The Aristotelian Ethics
Gustavo Ellwanger CALOVI1 and Gustavo Luis MARMENTINI
Original title: A Ética Aristotélica
Published in The Time and the Eternity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Ethics, Happiness, Justice, Middle ground, Virtue.
The goal of this article is to demonstrate that the study of Aristotelian ethics is fundamental for the reflection of western ethics. The Aristotelian ethics is reasoned on judgment, founded on the moral judgments of good and virtuous man. In this sense his ethics is articulate from a central question: What is the supreme good of the man and, what’s the end’s direction of everything? With this, it becomes clean that the supreme good of the man is happiness, that every man should find it in all of his actions, being the happiness an activity of his soul like the reason and the virtue. To achieve the complete happiness inside the society, the justice between the individuals must be present. And so there will not be inequalities and the middle ground will be present between the parts, including what concerns the relationships.
